SAN FRANCISCO — Bursting in from recess, 15 children take their seats and face the woman they know as Teacher Yang.
“What day is this?” she asks, in Mandarin Chinese.
“Confucius’ birthday!” the fifth-graders shout in Chinese.
“Why do we celebrate Confucius’ birthday?” FOR THE RECORD:
Teaching Mandarin: Captions accompanying a story in Sunday’s Section A
about the growing number of American schools that offer Mandarin
Chinese instruction gave incorrect names for two students at the
Chinese American International School in San Francisco. Karina Koo was
misspelled as Katrina Koom and Sophie Go was misidentified as Siena
Belda. —
“Because he’s the greatest teacher in the history of China!” exclaims a
brown-haired girl with decidedly European features. She too is speaking
Mandarin.
English is rarely heard in Lisa Yang’s class at the Chinese American
International School, despite the fact that few students are native
speakers of Mandarin and fewer than half come from families with
Chinese ancestry. At a time when the United States is frantically
trying to increase the ranks of students in “critical languages” such
as Mandarin, students here are ahead of the curve — way ahead.
Founded 25 years ago, this small private school in San Francisco’s
Hayes Valley does what few other American schools do: It produces fully
fluent speakers of Mandarin Chinese, by far the most commonly spoken
language in the world.
“In the early days — probably up until 10 years ago — we were
considered experimental, kind of ‘out there,’ ” said Betty Shon, head
of finance for the school, which runs from preschool through eighth
grade. “I’d get questions like, ‘What kind of parents want their kids
to learn Chinese?’ Now, there’s just no question. We get families who
relocate to the Bay Area just so their kids can go to the school.”
Mandarin Chinese, the official language of the People’s Republic of
China and the most common of numerous Chinese dialects, is suddenly hot
in American schools. With China poised to become the world’s leading
economy sometime this century, public and private schools are
scrambling to add Mandarin to their roster of foreign languages or
expand Chinese programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as
50,000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in school.
“I think we would have to characterize what’s happening with the
expansion of Chinese programs right now as an explosion,” said Marty
Abbott, director of education at the American Council on the Teaching
of Foreign Languages.
“It really is almost unprecedented…. People are looking at China as
a force to be reckoned with…. And to ensure that the U.S. has the
ability to conduct trade, to sell our goods, and to work with the
Chinese, certainly having an understanding of Chinese language and
culture is an advantage.”
The drive to develop Chinese-language programs has not been without
its bumps. A shortage of trained, credentialed teachers has made it
difficult for some schools to join the race. (With some exceptions,
public schools require teachers to be credentialed, while private
schools do not.) When schools do get teachers, they often recruit them
straight from China — a recipe for a cacophonous culture clash.
Robert Liu, who taught in China before coming to Venice High School,
remembers his first two years in an American classroom with the benefit
of hindsight. It was not an easy adjustment, he said. In China,
“respect is the No. 1 thing. Students respect their teachers,” he said.
Liu found a different paradigm here, where respect must be earned and
teachers spend much of their time maintaining order.
“You have to quiet them down and find different activities to attract them or they will lose attention,” he said.
Liu stuck it out and revamped his teaching style, and Venice
supported him (although a few of his students complain that his
teaching style is still a bit too static for their taste). But plenty
of Chinese teachers wash out after their first year, leaving behind
bewildered students and chastened administrators.
The Chinese American International School, which is known familiarly
by its abbreviation, CAIS, has avoided many of the problems with
foreign teaching styles by insisting that teachers who come from China,
no matter how experienced, work as teachers aides before they get a
classroom of their own.
“If you take a teacher from mainland China or from Taiwan, without
support, without acculturation, most likely they’re going to fail,”
said Kevin Chang, the elementary school director at CAIS.
It also helps that class sizes at CAIS are small — the largest have
20 students, and most have fewer. Of course, all of this comes at a
price: Tuition is $17,200 to $18,000 a year. Nearly a quarter of the
student body receives some financial aid.
Spreading the words
With his school’s success as a model, CAIS headmaster Andrew
Corcoran has been working with the Chinese government to improve
training of teachers who are sent to the United States. Many come as
part of a Chinese government program called Hanban, which is sort of a
cross between the Peace Corps and Teach for America, the volunteer
teacher program. Hanban sends Mandarin teachers throughout the world
and pays their salaries as they share their knowledge of Chinese
language and culture.
Corcoran said that of 30 Hanban teachers sent to the United States
last year, 27 went home without having their contracts renewed for a
second year. Their teaching style was too out of sync with American
culture. “They’ve never worked in a place where they didn’t stand on a
podium in front of 60 or 70 students,” Corcoran said. “My fear is that
if these teachers are not successful, then the support for teaching
Chinese will wane, because people will say, ‘Well, we tried it but it
didn’t work.’ ”
Corcoran said Hanban officials were sufficiently concerned to invite
him last summer to China, where he helped train this year’s class of
America-bound teachers.
A Hanban official confirmed that American educators were sought to
help with training, but otherwise disputed Corcoran’s account. In an
e-mail from Beijing, Zhou Jie, who is in charge of U.S. volunteers,
insisted that there had not been “any bad feedback” from either the
teachers or their American host schools. She said that only seven
teachers had been dispatched to the United States in 2005, and four of
them were retained for another year. Forty-one volunteers have been
sent so far this year, and about 60 more will be coming, Zhou said. The
volunteers “are of high adaptability and [have a] strong sense of
responsibility,” she said.
Still, to the extent that there are problems, they are the problems of success — too much, too fast.
There is no definitive accounting of the number of Mandarin programs
in American schools. But the Council on the Teaching of Foreign
Languages estimates that the number of students in Mandarin classes in
public secondary schools has risen from about 5,000 six years ago to as
many as 50,000 today, a tenfold increase. The U.S. Department of
Education puts the number at about half that.
Whichever is correct, the number is expected to continue rising.
Pressure and encouragement are coming from far-flung sources, including
the White House, the Chinese government and the College Board, which is
offering an Advanced Placement test in Mandarin for the first time next
year.
In January, President Bush proposed $57 million in federal spending
to encourage the teaching of languages considered critical to national
security, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. In announcing
the plan, the administration noted that, in contrast to the relatively
paltry number of Americans learning Mandarin, “more than 200 million
children in China are studying English.”
Spanish heads the class
Today, 85% of the foreign-language enrollment in the United States
is in Spanish, according to Abbott, of the Council on the Teaching of
Foreign Languages. Next comes French, followed by a smattering of
Italian and German. Russian, Japanese and Mandarin trail.
Parental pressure helped push Chicago to launch the largest
Chinese-language program in the U.S. — classes in 28 schools that reach
6,000 students from kindergarten to 12th grade. “We’re so lucky to have
parents who are going to fight for this,” said Bob Davis, director of
Chinese-language instruction for the Chicago Public Schools.
And when Mark Brooks, director of the private Pilgrim School in Los
Angeles, proposed making Mandarin a required course for all
seventh-graders this year, parents embraced it. “We’re trying to give
educations to children for jobs that haven’t even been created yet….
Parents get that.”
Still, Chinese classes have a distinctly regional cast. Chicago has
the most ambitious program, although Portland, Ore., has announced
plans for a Mandarin program that would take children from kindergarten
through college. The Bay Area, with its large, deeply rooted Chinese
American population, is another leader.
Aside from the Chinese immigrant communities in the San Gabriel
Valley, Southern California has generally lagged. The Los Angeles
Unified School District offers Mandarin at two of its 60 high schools.
Gay Yuen, a professor of education at Cal State L.A., runs a program
that grants credentials to Mandarin teachers and has been working with
schools to encourage the expansion of Chinese instruction. She has been
frustrated by the relative lack of interest.
“I think there’s still a lot of conservatism in our area,” Yuen said.
There wasn’t a lot of interest in Mandarin in San Francisco, either,
when CAIS was founded in September 1981 by a former San Francisco
County supervisor, Carol Ruth Silver. She had adopted a child from
Taiwan and realized there was nowhere he could attend school in his
native language. The first class had four students and one teacher.
Today, roughly 400 children are enrolled. The school teaches half
the day in English and half in Chinese, and from preschool on, students
in the Chinese classes hear only Mandarin from their teachers. Students
learn subjects such as math, science and social studies in both
languages.
One of the biggest problems students face is what to do after they
leave CAIS, since their Chinese abilities are beyond those of the most
advanced high school classes. Some attend after-school classes at CAIS;
others move on to other languages but often return to Chinese in
college.
Mandarin, with its lack of a phonetic alphabet and thousands of
distinct characters, is considered a relatively difficult language to
learn. But “if it’s hard, they don’t know it’s hard,” said Christie
Chessen, who has a daughter in second grade and a son in kindergarten
at CAIS. She speaks no Chinese herself. Her children’s idea of fun, she
said, is to practice writing Chinese characters. She constantly finds
herself thinking, “Oh my God, my kid is doing something that I will
never in my lifetime be able to do.”